Page 29 - THE 14th GRADUATE INTEGRITY : GI14

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The chlorine was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774 AD Chlorinated water were widely
[1]
[2]
used in household and industry. The chlorine rate in the upper layers of the soil is about 10ppm. Chlorine
has multiple uses as it is used in the purification of drinking water as a disinfectant and is also used in

swimming pool, tissue, plastic and solvent industry There are many faces for the use of chlorine in
[3]
industrial. The exposure is accidental by freeing or draining or ignorance. The most harmful methods of
exposure are inhalation of chlorine gas or by direct contact with the skin and the eye or digestion of

chlorine-containing food or drinking. The EPA in 2014 has classified chlorine-compounds as the main cause
of cancer, especially liver, kidney and colonic cancer. The exposure of chlorine also increases when
swimming with chlorinated water as the high temperature of water. The study revealed 30 degree celcius
of water increase the proportion of chloroform to 0.2mg, but if it rose to 40 degree celcius, the

[4]
concentration of up to 7mg, resulting in a lack of blood flow in capillaries. The halation of chlorine vapor
during bathing increases the problem of asthma, allergies, cough, sputum and chest pain. Moreover, aircraft
turbofans (> 26.7 kN thrust) are currently regulated for their emissions, which include oxides of nitrogen

(NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke. The smoke regulation also applies
to engines with output ratings < 26.7 kN. Smoke emissions are mainly carbonaceous particles emitted as a
product of incomplete combustion, and these particles are now the subject of a proposed new standard
that will regulate the number and mass of non-volatile particles (nvPM) which include PM2.5 [5]

Knowledge about chlorine was developed over few decades. The bloody noses appeared first,
suggesting that respiratory tracts may be more vulnerable to the irritants from the chlorinated water than
eyes; the gradually disappearing symptom suggests that respiratory tracts may have some adaptability to

chlorinated water possibly because of the protection from nasal mucous. In contrast, without the mucosal
protection, the bloody eyes were becoming increasingly significant during the entire experiment, although
this symptom appeared later than the bloody noses. In this study, researcher focus on chlorine vapor.
[6]
Gaseous chlorine is poisonous and classified as a pulmonary irritant. Cl inhalation also attenuates
2
myocardial contractile force, reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and causes biventricular failure
[7]
and death. When released, the liquid form of chlorine quickly turns into yellow-green colored gas with an
irritating odor. Since chlorine is heavier than air, it accumulates in low-lying areas. Chlorine gas has been
used as an agent of war as recently as 2007 in Iraq. In 2016, the American Association of Poison Control
Centers reported over 6300 exposures to chlorine, making it the most common inhalational irritant in the
United States. About 35% of exposures to chlorine gas were attributed to the mixing of household acid

with hypochlorite. [8]
[9]
Non-respiratory findings may include tachycardia, lacrimation, and salivation. Sloughing of the
pulmonary mucosa can occur within 3 to 5 days in severe exposures leading to chemical pneumonitis that

can often be complicated by secondary bacterial invasion and infection. Smoking and pre-existing
respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appear to increase the
risk of long-term complications such as pulmonary fibrosis. [10]

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